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The LPI 010-160: Linux Essentials Certificate Exam, version 1.6 is an excellent certification exam for individuals who are interested in pursuing a career in Linux system administration. 010-160 exam tests candidates on their knowledge of Linux operating systems, open source applications, and the command line interface. It is recognized worldwide and is a great way for individuals to showcase their knowledge and skills in Linux administration. Linux Essentials Certificate Exam - version 1.6 certification can help individuals advance their careers or switch to a different career path.

 

NEW QUESTION # 44
What is the purpose of the PATH environment variable?

• A. It specifies the location of a user's home directory.
• B. It indicates the location of the default shell to be used when a user logs in.
• C. It increases security by preventing commands from running in certain locations.
• D. It contains the absolute path to the current directory.
• E. It allows the execution of commands without the need to know the location of the executable.

Answer: E

Explanation:
Explanation
The PATH environment variable is a special variable that contains a list of directories that the system searches when looking for a command to execute12. The purpose of the PATH variable is to make it easier and faster for users to run commands without having to type the full path to the executable file. For example, if you want to run the ls command, which is located in the /bin directory, you don't have to type /bin/ls every time. You can just type ls, and the system will find the executable file in the /bin directory, which is one of the directories in the PATH variable. The PATH variable can be viewed with the echo command12:
$ echo $PATH
The PATH variable can also be modified by adding or removing directories, either temporarily or permanently, depending on the user's needs12. For example, if you have acustom script or program in your home directory, and you want to run it from anywhere, you can add your home directory to the PATH variable with the export command12:
$ export PATH=$PATH:~/myprogram
This will append your home directory to the end of the PATH variable, and the system will search it last when looking for a command. To make this change permanent, you need to edit a configuration file, such as
~/.bashrc or ~/.profile, and add the export command there12.
References:
* How To View and Update the Linux PATH Environment Variable | DigitalOcean
* Linux path environment variable - Linux command line - LinuxConfig.org

NEW QUESTION # 45
Which of the following commands finds all lines in the file operating-systems.txt which contain the term linux, regardless of the case?

• A. less -i linux operating-systems.txt
• B. grep -i linux operating-systems.txt
• C. cut [Ll] [Ii] [Nn] [Uu] [Xx] operating-systems.txt
• D. igrep linux operating-systems.txt
• E. cut linux operating-systems.txt

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 46
Which of the following tasks can the command passwd accomplish? (Choose two.)

• A. Change a user's username.
• B. Lock a user account.
• C. Create a new user group.
• D. Change a user's password.
• E. Create a new user account.

Answer: B,E

NEW QUESTION # 47
Which of the following are typical services offered by public cloud providers? (Choose three.)

• A. Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
• B. Internet as a Service(IaaS)
• C. Software as a Service (SaaS)
• D. Graphics as a Service (GaaS)
• E. Platform as a Service(PaaS)

Answer: A,C,E

Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:

NEW QUESTION # 48
The current directory contains the following file:
-rw-r-r- 1 root exec 24551 Apr 2 12:36 test.sh
The file contains a valid shell script, but executing this file using./test.shleads to this error:
bash: ./test.sh: Permission denied
What should be done in order to successfully execute the script?

• A. The execute bit should be set in the file's permissions.
• B. The file's extension should be changed from .shto.bin.
• C. The SetUID bit should be set in the file's permissions
• D. The user executing the script should be added to theexecgroup.
• E. The script should be run using#!./test. shinstead of./test.sh.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
The execute bit in Linux is a permission bit that allows the user to run an executable file or enter a directory.
For regular files, such as scripts or binaries, the execute bit must be set for the user to run them. For directories, the execute bit allows the user to access the files and subdirectories inside. Therefore, to successfully execute the script test.sh, the execute bit should be set in the file's permissions. This can be done by using the chmod command with the +x option, for example: chmod +x test.sh. The other options are either irrelevant or incorrect. The file's extension does not affect its executability, only its association with a program. The user executing the script does not need to be in the exec group, as long as the user has the execute permission on the file. The SetUID bit is a special permission bit that allows the user to run the file as the file's owner, regardless of the user's identity. This is not necessary for executing the script, and may pose a security risk. The #!./test.sh syntax is invalid, as the #! is used to specify the interpreter for the script, not the script itself. References:
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives1, Topic 1.4: Command Line Basics, Subtopic: Basic Shell Commands
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Preparation Guide2, Section 1.4: Command Line Basics, Page 16
* Execute vs Read bit. How do directory permissions in Linux work?3

NEW QUESTION # 49
Which of the following commands are used to get information on the proper use of ls? (Choose two.)

• A. man ls
• B. option ls
• C. manual ls
• D. usage ls
• E. info ls

Answer: A,E

NEW QUESTION # 50
What are the differences between hard disk drives and solid state disks? (Choose two.)

• A. Hard disks can fail due to physical damage, while solid state disks cannot fail.
• B. Hard disks have a motor and moving parts, solid state disks do not.
• C. Solid state disks can store many times as much data as hard disk drives.
• D. Solid state disks provide faster access to stored data than hard disks.
• E. /dev/sdais a hard disk device while /dev/ssdais a solid state disk.

Answer: B,D

NEW QUESTION # 51
Which of the following directories containsinformation, documentation and example configuration files for installed software packages?

• A. /doc/
• B. /usr/examples/
• C. /usr/share/doc/
• D. /etc/defaults/
• E. /var/info/

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 52
Which of the followingoutputs could stem from the commandlast?

• A. root tty2 Wed May 17 21:11 - 21:11 (00:00)
• B. 1 ls
  2 cat text.txt
  3 logout
• C. EXT4-fs (dm-7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
• D. Password for user last changed at Sat Mar 31 16:38:57 EST 2018
• E. Last login: Fri Mar 23 10:56:39 2018 from server.example.com

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 53
Which of the following characters in a shell prompt indicates the shell is running with root privileges?

• A. &
• B. #
• C. *
• D. $
• E. !

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 54
What is true about links in a Linux file system?

• A. A symbolic link can point to a file on another file system.
• B. When the target of the symbolic link is moved, the link is automatically updated.
• C. A symbolic link can only point to a file and not to a directory.
• D. A hard link can only point to a directory and never to a file.
• E. Only the root user can create hard links.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
A symbolic link, also known as a symlink or soft link, is a special type of file that points to another file or directory by its name. A symbolic link can point to a file or directory on the same or different file system, as long as the target is accessible. For example, you can create a symbolic link to a file on a USB drive or a network share, as long as the device is mounted or the connection is established. However, if the target of the symbolic link is moved, renamed, or deleted, the link becomes broken and does not work. To create a symbolic link, you can use the ln command with the -s or --symbolic option, followed by the target name and the link name. For example, ln -s /mnt/usb/file.txt link.txt creates a symbolic link named link.txt that points to the file.txt on the USB drive mounted at /mnt/usb.
The other options are not true about links in a Linux file system. A symbolic link can point to a directory as well as a file. A hard link, which is a direct reference to the same data as another file, can only point to a file and not a directory. A hard link cannot span across different file systems, because it depends on the inode number, which is unique within a file system. When the target of the symbolic link is moved, the link is not automatically updated, but becomes broken. Any user can create hard links, as long as they have the permission to read and write the target file and the link directory.
References:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
* Ln Command in Linux (Create Symbolic Links) | Linuxize

NEW QUESTION # 55
What is the preferred source for the installation of new applications in a Linux based operating system?

• A. The distribution's package repository
• B. The vendor's website
• C. A retail store
• D. A CD-ROM disk
• E. The vendor's version management system

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
The distribution's package repository is the preferred source for the installation of new applications in a Linux based operating system. A package repository is a collection of software packages that are maintained by the distribution and can be easily installed, updated, or removed using a package manager. Package repositories offer several advantages, such as:
* They ensure compatibility and stability with the system and other packages.
* They provide security updates and bug fixes for the packages.
* They reduce the risk of malware or corrupted files.
* They simplify the dependency management and configuration of the packages.
The other sources are not preferred because they may not offer these benefits and may cause problems with the system. The vendor's version management system, the vendor's website, or a CD-ROM disk may contain packages that are not compatible with the distribution or may conflict with other packages. A retail store may not have the latest or the most suitable packages for the system. References:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 1.3 Installing, Updating and Removing Software Packages
* LPI Linux Essentials Study Guide: Exam 010 v1.6, 3rd Edition, chapter 4 Working on the Command Line, section 4.2 Managing Software
* Table of Contents - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, section 1.3 Installing, Updating and Removing Software Packages

NEW QUESTION # 56
The file script.sh in the current directory contains the following content:
#!/bin/bash echo $MYVAR
The following commands are used to execute this script:
MYVAR=value
./script.sh
The result is an empty line instead of the content of the variable MYVAR. How should MYVAR be set in order to make script.sh display the content of MYVAR?

• A. !MYVAR=value
• B. $MYVAR=value
• C. MYVAR=value
• D. export MYVAR=value
• E. env MYVAR=value

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 57
Which permissions are set on a regular file once the permissions have been modified with the command chmod 654 file.txt?
drw-r-xr--

• A.
• B. d-wxr-x--
• C. -rwxrw---x
• D. -rw-r-xr--
• E. -wxr-x--x

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 58
Which of the following commands creates the ZIP archive poems.zip containing all files in the current directory whose names end in .txt?

• A. zip *.txt > poems.zip
• B. zip poems.zip *.txt
• C. zcat *.txt poems.zip
• D. cat *.txt | zip poems.zip
• E. zip cfz poems.zip *.txt

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 59
What is true about the su command?

• A. It changes the name of the main administrator account.
• B. It is the default shell of the root account.
• C. It can only be used by the user root.
• D. It locks the root account in specific time frames.
• E. It runs a shell or command as another user.

Answer: E

NEW QUESTION # 60
Which of the following taroptions handle compression? (Choose two.)

• A. -bz
• B. -j
• C. -z
• D. -z2
• E. -g

Answer: B,C

NEW QUESTION # 61
Where is the operating system of a Raspberry Pi stored?

• A. On the master device attached to the Raspberry Pi's IDE bus.
• B. On a read only partition on the Raspberry Pi's firmware, next to the BIOS.
• C. On rewritable flash storage which is built into the Raspberry Pi.
• D. On a removable SD card which is put into the Raspberry Pi.
• E. On a Linux extension module connected to the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
The Raspberry Pi uses an SD card (or microSD card for newer models) as its main storage device. This means that the operating system and any other files are stored on the SD card, which can be easily inserted or removed from the Raspberry Pi. The SD card also allows the user to switch between different operating systems by using different cards or partitions. The Raspberry Pi does not have any internal storage, such as a hard disk drive or a solid state drive, nor does it use any external devices, such as an IDE bus, a firmware partition, or a GPIO module, to store the operating system. References:
* Raspberry Pi OS - Raspberry Pi
* Choosing Storage for Raspberry Pi - Kingston Technology
* Beginner's Guide: How To Install a New OS on Raspberry Pi

NEW QUESTION # 62
Which of the following commands finds all lines in the file operating-systems.txt which contain the term linux, regardless of the case?

• A. less -i linux operating-systems.txt
• B. grep -i linux operating-systems.txt
• C. cut [Ll] [Ii] [Nn] [Uu] [Xx] operating-systems.txt
• D. igrep linux operating-systems.txt
• E. cut linux operating-systems.txt

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
The grep command is used to search for a pattern in a file or input. The -i option makes the search case-insensitive, meaning that it will match both uppercase and lowercase letters. The grep command takes the pattern as the first argument and the file name as the second argument. Therefore, the command grep -i linux operating-systems.txt will find all lines in the file operating-systems.txt which contain the term linux, regardless of the case. References: Linux Essentials - Topic 103: Finding Linux Documentation and Linux Essentials - Topic 104: Command Line Basics

NEW QUESTION # 63
Which of the following values could be a process ID on Linux?

• A. /sys/pid/9a14
• B. 0
• C. /bin/bash
• D. 60b503cd-019e-4300-a7be-922f074ef5ce
• E. fff3

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explanation
A process ID on Linux is a unique integer value that identifies a running process. The process ID can range from 0 to a maximum limit, which is usually 32768 or higher, depending on the system configuration. The process ID of 0 is reserved for the kernel's idle task, and the process ID of 1 is reserved for the init system, which is the first process launched by the kernel. The process IDs are assigned sequentially to new processes, and are recycled when a process terminates. Therefore, the only valid value for a process ID among the given options is 21398, which is an integer within the possible range. The other values are not valid process IDs because they are either strings, hexadecimal numbers, or file paths, which do not match the format of a process ID on Linux. References:
* Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
* How Are Linux PIDs Generated? | Baeldung on Linux

NEW QUESTION # 64
What are the differences between a private web browser window and a regular web browser window? (Choose three.)

• A. Private web browser windows do not send regular stored cookies.
• B. Private web browser windows do not support logins into websites.
• C. Private web browser windows do not allow printing or storing websites.
• D. Private web browser windows do not store cookies persistently.
• E. Private web browser windows do not keep records in the browser history.

Answer: A,D,E

Explanation:
Explanation
A private web browser window is a mode of browsing that prevents the browser from saving your browsing history, cookies, and other site data, or information entered in forms. However, it does not prevent websites, your employer or school, or your internet service provider from tracking your online activity. The main differences between a private web browser window and a regular web browser window are:
* Private web browser windows do not store cookies persistently. Cookies are small files that websites use to store information on your device, such as your preferences, login status, or tracking data. In a regular web browser window, cookies are stored until they expire or you delete them. In a private web browser window, cookies are deleted when you close all private windows.
* Private web browser windows do not keep records in the browser history. The browser history is a list of
* web pages that you have visited in the past. In a regular web browser window, the browser history is saved and can be accessed by anyone who uses the same device or profile. In a private web browser window, the browser history is not saved and cannot be viewed by anyone.
* Private web browser windows do not send regular stored cookies. When you visit a website in a regular web browser window, the browser sends any cookies that are stored for that website. This allows the website to recognize you and provide personalized content or services. When you visit a website in a private web browser window, the browser does not send any cookies that are stored in regular windows.
This prevents the website from identifying you or linking your activity across different sessions.
References: Browse in private - Computer - Google Chrome Help, Browse InPrivate in Microsoft Edge - Microsoft Support, Private Browsing: What Is It and How to Use It | Edge Learning Center

NEW QUESTION # 65
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